http://department.monm.edu/physics/people/faculty/ambrose/ISSI479.html

I. Introducation

(a) What is Cosmology?

i. Cosmology as a discipline - its goals - its present status and direction -
basic assumptions.

ii. Methods of scientific inquiry and limits of verification in cosmology.

iii. Is cosmology a myth or science?

(b)   An overview of the universe based on our current knowledge
       (Slides and videos will be used to get a glimpse at our magnificent universe
        with its planets, stars, galaxies, white dwarfs, red giants, pulsars, quasars etc.)

II. Method, Theories and Models

(a) Methods and Theories in Scientific and Religious Enquiry

i. Basic definitions - Realism, Idealism, Rationalism, Empiricism,
Reductionism, Inductivism etc.

ii. Theories, Creeds, Experience

iii. Models, Patterns, Paradigms

(b) Basic Models in Relating Science and Religion

i. Ian Barbour's four conceptual models

ii. The mediating role of philosophy

III. From Babylonian Myth to Modern Science - A Brief History of Cosmology
(Mostly in the Western Traditions)

(a) Early developments in cosmology

i. Babylonian mythology - Enuma Elish

ii. Ionian and Pythogorean contributions
- Emphasis on physical and mathematical concepts
- Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes

iii. Atomists and the infinite universe
- Democritus and Lucretius

(b) Classical period - A geocentric and finite universe

i. Plato - Timaeus - Idealistic and temporal approach

ii. Aristotle - On The Heavens - Realistic and eternal approach

iii. Ptolemy - The Almagest - An Egyptian treatise, accepted in Christian and Islamic traditions for 1400 years

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(c) Medieval Cosmology (Early Christian era to the middle ages)
Construction of a Christian world view taking into account Greek and
Biblical Cosmology and Patristic teaching. Three Streams:

i. Condemnation of Greek thought, and a literal interpretation of
the scriptures - Lactantius

ii. Patristic era - Ambrose, Augustine and Gregory of Nyasa

iii. Thomas Aquinas - Theologically Christian and cosmologically

Aristotelian and Ptolemic worldview - Epistemology based on reason and revelation. At the end of this period, Scholasticism achieved an almost
perfect synthesis of cosmology and theology - An ordered, hierarchic, organic, geocentric and anthropocentric worldview dominated cosmology for the next three centuries.

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(d) The Copernican revolution and its aftermath

1. Cosmological Developments:

i. Nicolaus Copernicus and his heliocentric model

ii. Johannes Kepler and the elliptical orbits

iii. Galileo Galilei and the beginning of observational astronomy

iv. Isaac Newton and the mechanistic universe

2. Theological Developments:

Church's reluctance to accept the new cosmology
- Condem-nation of Galileo - Theology parts ways with Cosmology

3. Philosophical Developments:

i. Rene Descartes - Metaphysical dualism

ii. Immanual Kant - "The starry heavens above and the moral law within"

iii. Karl Barth - Protestant Neoorthodoxy

iv. Alfred North Whitehead - Process and Reality

(e) Evolutionary and Quantum/Relativistic Cosmology

i. Scientific discoveries radically change the existing worldview:

Charles Darwin - On the Origin of Species
Albert Einstein - General theory of relativity
Planck, Bohr, Schrodinger etc. - Quantum Mechanics
Werner Heisenberg - The uncertainty principle
Louis DeBroglie - Wave nature of matter
Edwin Hubble - Theory of the expanding universe
Fred Hoyle - Steady state theory
Stephen Hawking - Quantum Cosmology
Discovery of the primodial microwave radiation
Particle physicists drive towards the moment of creation

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ii. Recent developments:

Discovery of "dark matter" in the universe
Hubble Space Telescope looks deep into space
COBE's discovery of tiny fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background.
Galileo space probe reaches Jupiter
Discovery of planets around nearby stars

IV. Cosmological Contributions of an Eastern Religion - An Alternate Worldview

(a) Hindu Cosmology

i. Early Vedic Cosmology - Pantheistic trends

ii. Upanishadic Cosmology - Advaita, Visishtadvaita and Dvaita concepts

iii. Medieval Puranic Cosmology - Cosmic cycle and the doctrine
of transmigration

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V. God, Creation and Cosmology

(a) Biblical account of creation in Genesis 1 and 2

i. Interpretation of the creation narratives
ii. The theology of the Priestly and Jahwist accounts

(b) Creation in Prophecy and Psalms
(c) Creation in other religions
(d) Theory of Evolution - Recent successes and challenges
(e) Creation versus Evolution
(f) Cosmology and Creation

i. The concept of evolving universe
ii. What does modern cosmology say about creation?
iii. Do cosmology and creation imply a Creator?

VI. Cosmology, Philosophy and Theology

(a) How should cosmology relate to theology?

i. The moment of creation - the t=0 problem
ii. Concept of time and space
iii. Creatio ex nihilo and creatio continua
iv. Anthropic principles - Design arguments
v. Chance and necessity
vi. Eschatology

(b) Ethical and Environmental Issues

i. Being created in the "image of God"
ii. How our worldview affects our dealings with our environment

VII. Current Trends in Relating Cosmology and Theology

(a) Scientific trends:

i. Confluence of cosmology and particle physics
ii. Quantum gravity and Grand Unified Theories

(b) Theological trends:

i. Scientist cum theologians build bridges between Cosmology and Theology
    - Ian Barbour, Ernan McMullin, Arthur Peacocke, John Polkinghorne
      and Robert Russell
ii. Theological responses to modern Cosmology
    - Diogenes Allen, Langdon Gilkey, Nicholas Lash and David Tracy

     Texts:

      Hetherington, Norriss S., Cosmology: Historical, Literary,
     Philosophical, Religious and Scientific Perspectives,
     Garland Publishing, Inc. New York & London, 1993.
     Brummer, Vincent, ed., Interpreting the Universe as Creation: A
     Dialogue of Science and Religion, Kok Pharos Publishing
     House, Kampen, The Netherlands, 1991.

In the Course Schedule, the two texts are referred to as Hetherington
and Brummer respectively.

Concluding Note:

Stephen Toulmin says, "As human beings, we need to understand our own position vis-a-vis the rest of nature, in ways that will permit us to recognize, and feel, that
the world is our "home." In addition, we need to discover in what respects, and on
what conditions, the world of nature can continue to provide a home for humanity.
Only then can we learn to handle ourselves in such a way that we are truly at home
in the natural world, and that the world itself is capable of remaining the kind of home
it can be for human beings. Those, of course, have always been among the central tasks and themes for cosmology." This significant thought provides the focus for this course. Most of the books listed in the bibliography are available in our library. Those marked with an asterisk have been put on library reserve. Other reading material are available in three folders at the circulation desk.

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Course Schedule

Week 1
Discussion of course syllabus and objectives.
     What is Cosmology? Is Cosmology myth or science? Its limitations.
     An overview of the universe based on our current knowledge.
     (Course Outline Section I)

Reading:
     Handout on definitions of Cosmology Hetherington
     Part One, "Introduction: Different Cultures, Different Cosmologies", pp. 3-8.
     Stephen Toulmin, "Scientific Theories and Scientific Myths",
     in The Return to Cosmology,   (1982), pp. 21-32 (library reserve)
     Bas van Frassen, "The World of Empiricism", in Physics and our View of
     the World, (1994), pp. 114-134 (library reserve)
     Francois Jacob, "The Myth and Science" (Library folder)
     Kenneth F. Weaver, "The Incredible Universe", National Geographic Magazine,
     May 1974.

Week 2
Slide presentation (Tuesday)
     Methods and Theories in Scientific and Religious Inquiry (Outline IIa)

Reading:
     Brummer, "Introduction: A Dialogue of Language Games", pp. 1-17.
     Holmes Ralston III, Science and Religion: A Critical Survey (1987),
     Chapter 1: "Methods in Scientific and Religious Inquiry", pp.1-32. (library reserve)
    Ian Barbour, Religion in an Age of Science (1990),
     Chapter 2: "Models and Paradigms", pp.31-65. (library reserve)
    J. Soskie, "Knowledge and Experience in Science and Relgion: Can We be Realists?"
     in Physics, Philosophy and Theology: A Common Quest for Understanding (1988),
     pp. 173-184. (library reserve)

Week 3
Video 1: Assurance and Doubt, Part 6 of The Ring of Truth Series with
     MIT Physicist Phillip Morrison (Tuesday).
     Basic models in relating Science and Religion (Course outline IIb)

Reading:
     Robert Wright, "Science, God and Man: New discoveries in physics,
     cosmology and biology make the universe more explainable, as well as more amazing.
     Does this undermine religious faith - or reinforce it?", Time,
     December 28, 1992. (library folder)
     Michael Hirsley, "2nd Big Bang is collision of science and religion",
     Chicago Tribune, May 25, 1992. (Handout)
     Ian Barbour, "Ways of Relating Science and Religion", Religion in
     an Age of Science (1990), pp. 3-30. (library reserve)

Week 4
     Early developments in Cosmology.
     The classical period - A geocentric and finite universe.(Outline IIIa,b)

Reading:
     Hetherington, chapters 3, 4, 5, 6 and excerpts from 7.
     Max Wildiers N.,"Sources of the Medieval World Picture", The Theo-
     logian and his Universe (1982), pp. 19-24. (library folder)
     Douglas A. Knight, "Ancient Israelite Cosmology", The Church and
     Contemporary Cosmology, pp. 29-44. (library reserve)

Week 5
     Continuation of the Classical Period.
     The Copernican revolution and its aftermath. (Course outline III(d)1&2).
     Video 2, The Mechanistic Universe (1984) Sea of Faith Series 1.

Reading:
     Hetherington, chapters 8, 12, and 14.
     Milton K. Munitz, Ed. Theories of the Universe (1957), pp. 141-145.(library folder)
     Miller and McCall, The Church and Contemporary Cosmology (1990),
     pp. 65-80. (library reserve)

Week 6
     Hindu Philosophy and Cosmology. (Course outline IV)
     Two student presentations.

Reading:
     Handouts on Hindu Cosmology
     Ursula King, "Modern Cosmology and Eastern Thought", Cosmology
     and Theology (1983), pp. 76-83. (library folder).
     E.O. James, Creation and Cosmology: A Historical and Comparative
     Inquiry (1969), pp. 34-45. (library folder)
     R.F. Gombrich, "Ancient Indian Cosmology", Ancient Cosmologies
     (1975), pp.110-139. (library folder)

Week 7
    Quantum and Relativistic Cosmology.
    Recent developments in Scientific Cosmology. (course outline III(e))
    Mid-Semester Examination

Reading:
     Hetherington, chapter 18.
     Paul Davis, "Everyone's Guide to Cosmology". A well-written article
     for a lay person in Sky and Telescope, March 1991.
     Virginia Trimble, "Cosmology: Man's Place in the Universe". A fine
     article in the American Scientist, Jan-Feb., 1977.
     Sharon Begley, "Where the wild things are?: The strange theories of
     cosmologists might explain how the universe was born." A "not too bad"
     article in Newsweek. It is in our library microfilm
     collection; so, I have put a copy in the library folder.
     Chris J. Isham, "Quantum theories of the Creation of the Universe",
     in Brummer, pp. 37-64.

Week 8
     Continuation of Recent Developments.
     Pillars of the "Big-bang Theory".
     Review of "Steady-state Theory".
     One student presentation.
     Lecture by Dr.Robert Cathey (Chair, Philosophy & Religious Studies Dept.)
     "Christian Cosmology in the Twentieth Century" (Tuesday)

Reading:
     Hetherington, chapters 20 and 21.
     The "Cosmology" chapter from any Introductory Astronomy text.
     (See the QB section in the library)
     Reading material given by Dr. Cathey on Karl Barth, Langdon Gilkey
     and Diogenes Allen (Library folder)
     Langdon Gilkey, "What the Idea of Creation is About", Maker of
     Heaven and Earth (1985), pp. 1-40. (library reserve)

Week 9 Spring Break

Week 10
     Philosophical developments in Cosmology - Immanual Kant, Karl Barth and
     A.N. Whitehead (Course outline III(d)3).
     Two student presentations.

Reading:
     Hetherington, pp.277-280.
     Miller and McCall, pp. 80-89 (Kant), pp. 120-125, 146-148 (White head)
     (library reserve).
     Milton K. Munitz, Space, Time and Creation: Philosophical Aspects of
     Scientific Cosmology (1957), pp. 174-179. (library folder).
     Ian Barbour, Religion in an Age of Science (1990),
     Chapter 8: "Process Thought". pp. 218-243. (library reserve)
     Holmes Ralston III, Excerpts from his Review Article on Barbour's
     Religion in an Age of Science, Zygon 27,1 (March 1992), pp.65-87. (library folder)

Week 11
     Two recent and contemporary cosmologists - Pierre Teil de Chardin and
     Paul Davies.
     Two student presentations.

Reading:
     Stephen Toulmin, The Return to Cosmology, Pierre Teilhard Chardin, pp. 113-126.
     (library reserve)
     Christopher F. Mooney, "Teilhard: Evolution and Creation", Evolution and
     Creation (1985),     pp. 290-301. (library reserve)
     William Warthling, "Pierre Teilhard de Chardin: The Case Reopened",
     Cosmology and Theology (1983), pp. 70-74. (library folder)
     Paul Davies, God and the New Physics (1983),
     Chapter 10: "Freewill and   Determinism", pp. 135-143 and
     Chapter 17: "The Physicist's Conception of Nature", pp. 218-229. (library reserve)
     Paul Davies, The Mind of God: The Scientific Basis for a Rational World (1992),
     Chs.2 & 8:"Can the Universe Create Itself?", pp.39-72 and
     "Designer Universe", pp. 194-222. (library reserve)
     Paul Davies, "The Harmony of the Spheres: If we discover extra terrestrial life,
     our world will never seem quite the same", Time, February 5, 1996, p. 58.(Handout)

Week 12
    God, Creation and Cosmology. (Course outline V)
    Genesis 1 and 2.
    Modern theological interpretations of God and Creation.
    Two student presentations.

Resading:
     Dianne Bergant and Carroll Stublmueller, "Creation according to the Old Testament",
     Evolution and Creation (1985), pp.153-172. (library reserve)
     Cas J. Labuschagne, "Creation and the Status of Humanity in the Bible",
     Brummer, pp. 123-131.
     Hefner, Philip,"Basic Christian assumptions about the cosmos", Cosmology, History,
     and Theology (1977), pp.347-364.(lib. folder)
     Paul Davies, "Did God Create the Universe?", God and the New
     Physics, pp. 25-43. (library reserve)
     John R. Albright, "God and the Pattern of Nature: A Physicist
     Considers Cosmology", The Christian Century, July-August 1992.

Week 13
     Creation and Evolution.
     One student presentation.
     Lecture by Dr. Ken Cramer (Chair, Biology Department) on "Current
     Understanding of Evolution" (Tuesday)

Reading:
     Philip Kitcher, "Evolution for Everyone", Abusing Science: The Case
     Against Creationism (1994), pp. 7-29. (library folder)
     Ernan McMullin, "Introduction: Evolution and Creation", Evolution and Creation (1985),
     pp. 38-48. (library reserve)
     Robert J. Russel, "Theistic Evolution: Does God Really Act in Nature?",
     CTNS Bulletin 15,1 (Winter 1995), pp. 19-32.
     Teilhard de Chardin, "Turmoil or Genesis", Science and Religion: New Perspectives
     on the Dialogue (1968), pp. 216-228. (library folder)
     Christof K. Biebricher, "Evolutionary Research", Brummer, pp.90-99.

Week 15
    Philosophical and Ethical Aspects of Cosmology. (Outline VIb)
     Two student presentations.

Reading:
     Hetherington, chapter 29.
     Toulmin, Part I: "Ethics and Cosmic Evolution", pp. 53-71.
     Narlikar, Jayant V. "The concepts of 'beginning' and 'creation' in cosmology"
     Philosophy of Science, (1992). (library folder)
     Adolf Grunbaum, "The Pseudo-Problem of Creation in Physical Cosmology",
     Philosophy of Science (1989). (library folder)
     J.W. Bowker, "Cosmology, religion, and society", Zygon, (1990)(library folder)
     Martin Palmer, "The Ecological Crisis and Creation Theology", in Brummer, pp. 132-146.

Week 16
    Current Trends in Relating Cosmology and Theology (Course Outline VII)
    Two student presentations.

Reading:
     Ian Barbour, "Astronomy and Creation", Religion in an Age of Science (1990),
     pp. 125-153. (library reserve)
     Robert J. Russel, "Theological lessons from Cosmology: Two case studies",
     Cross Currents:Religion and Intellectual Life, (Fall 1991). (library folder)
     William Stoeger, "The Origin of the Universe in Science and Religion",
     Cosmos, Bios, Theos (1993), pp.258-268. (lib reserve)
     Ernan McMullin, "How Should Cosmology Relate to Theology?", The
     Sciences and Theology in the Twentieth Century(1986),pp.17-57.
     R.J. Russell, "Quantum Physics in Philosophical and Theological Perspective",
     in Physics, Philosophy and Theology: A Common
     Quest for Understanding (1988), pp. 343-374. (lib. reserve)

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Bibliography

1. Atkins, P.W., Creation Revisited, W.H. Freeman, 1992

2. Barbour, Ian G., Issues in Science and Religion, Harper and Row, 1966.

3. ----------, Ed., Science and Religion: New Perspectives on the Dialogue,
Harper and Row, 1968.

4. *----------, Religion in the Age of Science, Harper and Row, 1990.

5. Blacker, Carmen and Michael Loewe, Ancient Cosmologies, George
Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1975.

6. Capra, Fritjof, The Tao of Physics: An Explanation of Parallels Between
Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism, Fontana, 1983.

7. Carvin, Walter P., Creation and Scientific Explanation,
Scottish Academic Press, 1990.

8. Chaisson, Eric, Cosmic Dawn: The Origins of Matter and Life, W.W. Norton, 1981.

9. --------------, The Life Era: Cosmic Selection and Conscious Evolution,
W.W. Norton, 1987.

10. Close, Frank, Apocalypse When: Cosmic Catastrophe and the Fate of the Universe,
William Morrow, 1988.

11. Craig, William Lane and Quentin Smith, Theism, Atheism and Big Bang
Cosmology, Clarendon Press, 1993.

12. Davis, Paul, God and the New Physics, Simon and Schuster, 1983.

13. *-----------, The Mind of God: The Scientific Basis for a Rational
World, Simon & Shuster, 1992.

14. -----------, The Last Three Minutes: Conjectures about the Ultimate
Fate of the Universe, Basic Books, 1994.

15. Drees, Willem B., Beyond the Big Bang: Quantum Cosmologies of God,
Open Courtm 1990.

16. Ellis, George, Before the Beginning: Cosmology Explained,
Boyars/Bowerdean, 1994.

17. Gal-Or, Benjamin, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy, Springer-Ver
lag, 2nd ed., 1987.

18. Gilkey, Langdon, Maker of Heaven and Earth: The Christian Doctrine of Creation
in the Light of Modern Knowledge, University Press of America, 1985.

19. --------------, Nature, Reality and the Sacred: The Nexus of Science and Religion,
Fortress Press, 1993.

20. Greenstein, George, The Symbiotic Universe: Life and Mind in the Cosmos,
William Morrow, 1988.

21. Gribbin, John, In the Beginning: After COBE and Before the Big Bang,
Little Brown & Co., 1993.

22. *Hamilton, Virginia, Creation Stories from Around the World,
Pennyroyal Press, 1988.

23. Harrison, Edward, Masks of the Universe, Macmillan, 1985.

24. Hawking, Stephen, A Brief History of time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes,
Bantam Hooks, 1988.

25. Hayes, Zachary, What are they Saying about Creation?, Paulist Press, 1980.

26. Hilgevoord, Jan, ed., Physics and our View of the World, Cambridge University
Press, 1995.

27. Hoyle, Fred, Ten Faces of the Universe, W.H. Freeman, 1977.
28. Huchingson, James E., Religion and the Natural Sciences:
      The Range of Engagement, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1993.
29. Hyers, Conrad, The Meaning of Creation: Genesis and Modern
      Science, John Knox Press, 1984.
30. Jaki, Stanley, Cosmos and Creator, Scottish Academic Press, 1980.
31. ----------------, Cosmos in Transition, Pachart Publishing House, 1990.
32. James, E.O., Creation and Cosmology: A Historical and Comparatative Inquiry,
      E.J. Brill, 1969.
33. Jastrow, Robert, God and the Astronomers, Norton, 1978.
34. Kitcher, Philip, Abusing Science: The Case Against Creationism, MIT Press, 1994.
35.*Margenau, Henry and Varghese, Roy A., Cosmos, Bios, and Theos:
     Scientists Reflect on Science, Religion and the Origin of the Universe, Life and
    Homosapiens, Open Court, 1992.
36. McMullin, Ernon, Ed., Evolution and Creation, Univ. of Notre Dame Press, 1985.
37.*Miller, J.B. and K.E. McCall, The Church and Contemporary Cosmology, Carnegie
      Mellon University Press, 1990.
38. Moltmann, Jurgen, God in Creation: A New Theology of Creation and the Spirit
      of God, Harper San Francisco, 1985.
39. Monsma, John C., Ed., The Evidence of God in an Expanding Universe: 40
      American Scientists Declare their Affirmative Views on Religion, Putnam, 1958.
40. Munitz, Milton K., Space, Time and Creation: Philosophical Aspects of Scientific
     Cosmology, Free Press, 1957.
41. -------------- Ed., Theories of the Universe, Free Press, 1957.
42. O'Shaughnessy, Thomas J., Creation and the Teaching of Qur'an, Biblical
      Institute Press, 1985
43. Peach, J.V., Cosmology and Christianity, Hawthorn, 1965.
44. Peacocke, A.R., Ed., The Sciences and Theology in the 20th Century,
      Univ. of Notre Dame Press, 1986.
45. Peters, Ted, Ed., Cosmos as Creation, Abingdon Press, 1988.
46. Polkinghorne, John, One World: The Interaction of Science and
      Theology, SPCK, 1987.
47. ------------------, Reason and Reality: The Relationship between Science and
      Theology, Trinity Press, 1991.
48. Rolston, Holmes, Science and Religion: A Critical Survey, Random House, 1987.
49. Russel, Robert J., Stoeger, W.R., and Coyne, G.V. Eds. Physics, Philosophy,
      and Theology: A Common Quest for Understanding, Univ. of Notre Dame
      Press, 1988.
50. *Schroeder, Gerald L., Genesis and the Big Bang, Bantam, 1990.
51. Smoot, George & K. Davidson, Wrinkles in Time, William Morrow, 1993.
52. Steiner, Rudolph, Cosmology, Religion and Philosophy, Sun Publishing, 1993.
53. Templeton, John M., and Robert Herrmann, Eds., Is God the Only Reality?
      Science Explores the Meaning of the Universe, Continuum Publishing Co., 1994.
54. Tilby, Angela, Soul: God, Self and the New Cosmology, Doubleday, 1994.
55. Tipler, Frank J., The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the
     Resurrection of the Dead, Doubleday, 1994.
56.*Toulmin, Stephen, The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and
     the Theology of Nature, Univ. of California Press, 1985.
57. Tracy, David and Nicholas Lash, Ed. Cosmology and Theology, Seabury Press, 1983.
58. Trefil, James S., The Moment of Creation, Charles Scribner, 1983.
59. Wildiers, Max, The Theologian and his Universe: Theology and Cosmology from
     Middle Ages to the Present, Seabury Press, 1982.
60. Whitehead, A.N., Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology,
      Corrected Edition, Ed. David Griffin and Donald Sherburne, The Free Press, 1978.
61. Yourgrau, Wolfgang and Breck, Allen D., Cosmology, History and Theology,
      Plenum, 1977.

Articles (not listed in the course schedule):

1. Atkins, Peter, "Will science ever fail?", New Scientist, 8 August 1992.
      (Response to Midgley's article)
2.   Carr, B.J. and M.J. Rees, "The anthropic principle and the structure of the world",
     Nature, 12 April 1979.
3. William Lane Craig, "What place, then for a Creator?: Hawking on God and
     Creation", The British Journal for the Philosopy of Science, (1990). (library folder)
4. Grunbaum, Adolf, "Psedo-creation of the Big Bang", Nature, 26 April 1990.
    (Response to Maddox's article)
5. Horgan, John, "Universal Truths", Scientific American, October 1990.
6. Kaiser, Christopher B., "The early christian belief in creation: Background for the
    origins and assessment of modern western science", Horizons in Biblical Theology:
     An International Dialogue, December 1987.
7. Levy-Leblond, Jean-Marc, "The unbegun Big Bang", Nature, 2 November 1989.
8. Maddox, John, "Down with the Big Bang", Nature, 10 Aug 1989.
9. Mascall, E.L., What do we Mean by the Creation of the World?,
     SPCK booklet, 1960.
10. Midgley, Mary, "Can science save its soul?", New Scientist, 1 August 1992.
11. Narlikar, Jayant, "What if the big bang didn't happen?",
      New Scientist, 2 March 1991.
12. Nebelsick, Harold P., "God, creation, salvation and modern science",
      Horizons in Biblical Theology, December 1987.
13. Polkinghorne, John, "God's action in the world", Cross Currents: Religion and
     Intellectual Life, Fall 1991.
14. Russel, Robert J., "Contingency in Physics and Cosmology: A Critique of the
    Theology of Wolfhart Pannenberg", Zygon, March 1988.
15. Wicken, Jefrey S., "Theology and Science in the evoloving cosmos: A need for
      dialogue", Zygon, March 1988.

Reference:

Hetherington, Norriss, ed., Encyclopedia of Cosmology (QB 980.5 E53)
     Videos (available in the library)
     Canticles to the Cosmos with Brian Swimme:
          1. The Primeval Fireball
          2. The Feast of Consciousness
          3. The Fundamental Order of the Universe
          4. A Magical Planet
          5. The Nature of the Human
          6. The Human Story

The Astronomers: A Window to Creation
The Origin of the Universe
The Grand Design

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