1. present constructive counter-arguments to deny the conclusion reached by your opponent (counter facts/"better" evidence, "no harm,"  "no significance," no inherency etc.)
    
2. attack relevance of the evidence used by your opponent.
    
3. attack the credibility/reliability of your opponent's sources.
    
4. attack the reasoning (warrant) used to connect evidence to claim or claim to case requirement.

 Keys to Refutation - Steps

1. Identify argument (use affirmative labels if possible)
    
2. State the nature of the attack
    
3. Provide counter-evidence or reasoning
    
4. Show impact of the refutation on opponents case

 Ethos

Components

• character
• competency
• composure
• extroversion/dynamism
• sociability

Enhancers of Ethos

• prestige
• appearance
• organization and internal summaries